CXCL1 and infection: We found that C3H/HeN mice that developed persistent bacteriuria had significantly elevated levels of four serum cytokines at 24 hpi compared to both mock-infected mice and mice that resolved active infection: IL-5, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, encoded by Csf3), and keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC, a.k.a. growth-regulated alpha protein, encoded by Cxcl1), an IL-8 analog in mice (Fig. 4D).