TNF-α production (Fig. 1B) was also high from TB cases (median[IQR] = 476[117–628]pg/mL compared to 191[31–788]pg/mL for TST+ contacts and only 39[0–205]pg/mL for TST− contacts) with production of IL-13 low but still significantly higher than TST− HHC (30[12–45]pg/mL compared to 24[7–51] for TST+ and 8.5[0–16] for TST− HHC. Here, TST is linked to tuberculosis.