The maintenance or up-regulation of cytophilic (IgG1, IgG3, and IgE) and complement-fixing (IgG3) antibody responses against larval antigens, some of which are not necessarily larvae specific, as was found in this study was shown before to be also associated with immune protection in onchocerciasis [6], [16], [17]. Here, IGHG3 is linked to onchocerciasis.