NRF1 and skin disorder: Padmanabhan et al. 2006; Shibata et al. 2008a, 2008b; Singh et al. 2006; Stacy et al. 2006). Given the importance of NRF1 (Figure 4) and NRF2 (Pi et al. 2003) in regulating the expression of ARE-dependent genes induced by iAs3+, it is highly possible that NRF1 and/or NRF2 activation plays a pathogenic role in skin disorders chronically induced by arsenic exposure, including carcinogenesis, although additional research is required to confirm this.