But it must be considered that TLR4 also signals through the MyD88-independent pathway via TRIF to induce type I IFN.165 TLR3/9-mediated production of type I IFN has been shown to protect against colitis in the IL-10-deficient mice by negatively regulating TH17 differentiation in the lamina propria.166,167 It remains to be investigated whether the antiinflammatory function of TLR4 signaling in the IL-10−/− host is linked to type I IFN induction via TRIF. The gene discussed is MYD88; the disease is colitis.