MX1 and biliary atresia: Moreover, in biliary atresia in which Reoviridae are speculated to be an etiological agent, BECs lining extrahepatic bile ducts diffusely and constantly expressed TLR3 and showed an enhancement of TRAIL and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-positive apoptosis as well as the activation of NF-κB and IRF-3 and increased expression of an antiviral product, MxA [33, 37, 38].