TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: In addition to studies showing that deletion of STAT-1 potentiates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice, other work demonstrated that aerosolized STAT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides decreased the concentrations of TGF-β, PDGF and TNF-α in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary injury and ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis [92].