Interestingly, all three of these tumour progression-related genes, u-PAR, HIF1α, and VEGFC, are either activated by the downstream axis of, or transcriptionally regulated at least in part, by the MAPK/ERK and/or PI3K/AKT pathways (Jo et al, 2003; Tsai et al, 2003; Phillips et al, 2005; Skurk et al, 2005), which are inhibited by Enz treatment (Faul et al, 2003; Graff et al, 2005). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.