The quantitative traits analyzed include fasting levels of glucose and insulin, glucose and insulin levels 2 hours following a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, indices of β-cell function (HOMA-B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [49], and glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1C), which reflect long-term plasma glucose concentrations (see Materials and Methods). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.