VWF and atherosclerosis: Several studies have investigated different biomarkers, for example, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble (s)E-selectin [20,21], monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [22,23], soluble (s)L-selectin [24], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and VonWillebrand factor (VWF) [21,25] for an association with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and/or CVD in the general population.