TNF and Insulin resistance: As already stated, adipocytes behave as immune cells [72–75] and are able to synthesize and release a huge amount of proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines including leptin, resistin, PAI-1, IL-6, TNFα, retinol-binding protein 4 (see [16]), IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), CRP, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) (see [76]), chemokines from the CC and CXC families [77], and more recently described cytokines such as IL-18 [78] and IL-33 [79], most of which, if not all, are involved in insulin resistance [76, 80].