To understand if CQ modulated the cytokine response to DENV infection, plasma concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, INF-γ, and TNF-α were measured in plasma from 234 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients (121 in CQ arm, 113 in placebo arm) 2 or 3 days after randomization (Fig. 6). Here, TNF is linked to dengue disease.