ROS may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma due to triggering double-stranded DNA breaks43 and could also lead to fibrosis via induction of TGF-β.44 The superoxide dismutase protein identified by proteomics, and superoxide dismutase 3, whose up-regulated gene was identified by RNA-Seq analysis, as well as the metallothione and glutathione genes identified in the microarray analyses, could potentially protect against HCV-induced ROS and oxidative stress as well as suppress HCV RNA replication in a manner similar to antioxidants.45, 46. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.