Further, monocytes from patients that went on to develop heart failure after suffering an MI had higher levels of TLR4 surface expression and produced greater amounts of cytokines, including IL-6, TNF, and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), upon LPS stimulation compared to those from patients who did not develop heart failure after MI. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and myocardial infarction.