Other studies examining T1D models observed significant increases in NAD(P)H oxidase subunit expression in the heart and the vasculature suggesting that the pathogenic mechanisms are not necessarily similar in all models of diabetes [41], [53] In the vasculature, the increase was evident after 4 weeks but not 16 weeks of diabetes suggesting that altered NAD(P)H oxidase expression may be a transitional event [53]. This evidence concerns the gene FMO5 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.