Similar to IPS-1-HeLa cells, we observed that hepatocellular carcinoma SKHep1 cells NDV, SeV, Influenza virus, or Sindbis virus infection also induced a speckled staining pattern in endogenous IPS-1 (Fig. 4B), and displayed enhanced IRF-3 dimerization when compared with HeLa cells (our unpublished data). This evidence concerns the gene MAVS and hepatocellular carcinoma.