Here, we have obtained clear evidence that endurance exercise and CR led to potent suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including osteopontin, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6, all of which have been shown to be elevated in the state of obesity and type 2 diabetes (3, 10, 25). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.