However, macrophages that were stimulated with LPS and IFN-γ 30 min prior to infection with NO-susceptible L. (V.)braziliensis produced significantly more TNF-α at all time points tested (2 h: 1954 ± 397; 24 h: 5101 ± 424; 72 h: 4766 ± 260; 120 h: 5407 ± 141), when compared to macrophages infected with NO-resistant isolates (2 h: 804 ± 193; 24 h: 1986 ± 347; 72 h: 2233 ± 842; 120 h: 1244 ± 252) or uninfected control (Figure 4B). Here, TNF is linked to infection.