TNF and Alzheimer disease: For instance, in contrast to our observations in AD-MSC, Hwa Cho et al., and Tomchuck et al. have reported the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β by LPS and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) in BM-MSC and AD-MSC, respectively [44, 53].