In accordance with our finding that CD11c+ cells in human Mtb-induced granulomas express PD-L1 and -2 (data not shown), recent data by Juardo et al. shows that mycobacterial antigen-induced expression of PD-1 on lymphocytes from patients with tuberculosis interferes with anti-mycobacterial T cell effector functions [40]. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAX and Granuloma.