For instance, the oncogenic CRIPTO3 pseudogene is expressed in colon, breast and lung cancers [25], the human homologue of vaccinia virus H1 phosphotase gene clone 5 (hVH-5) pseudogene is expressed in breast cancer cell lines [26], and the rac1 pseudogene is expressed in brain tumors [27]. Here, RAC1 is linked to breast carcinoma.