TNF and tuberculosis: As the use of TNF-α antagonists becomes widespread, further cases of tuberculosis associated with TNF-α blockade can be expected, especially in developing countries with high incidences of tuberculosis.[38] To prevent the reactivation of latent tuberculosis, appropriate screening of patients with Mantoux test and chest X-ray should be performed before initiating anti-TNF therapy, and begin treatment if latent infection is found.