TNF and infection: Importantly, these medications can predispose patients to infections and increased their risk of developing a malignancy.[38–41] All anti-TNF-α agents have been associated with a variety of serious and “routine” opportunistic infections.[38] From a public health standpoint, the development of active tuberculosis in some patients who receive TNF-α inhibitor therapy is a matter of serious concern.[38, 39] There is also an increased risk for a variety of malignant conditions such as lymphoma, leukemia, and melanomas.[40, 41]