On the other hand, increased leptin levels are associated with increased concentrations of other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, and prostaglandin E2 [84], which may provide more specific and selective approaches for pharmacologic intervention in obesity-induced osteoarthritis. Here, CXCL8 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.