We investigated the expression of the components of this pathway, including c-kit, SCF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the chemokine receptor CXCR4, in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) epiretinal membranes. Here, CXCR4 is linked to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.