THBD, which activates the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activated protein C (APC) thus leading to promotion of neovascularization and neurogenesis in the post-ischemic brain [103]; AQP4, a neuroprotective water-specific channel, osmoreceptor regulating water flow in central nervous system [104,105]; and CART, an intriguing peptide which protects brain from damage both through ERK activation in ischemic stroke [106] and potential preservation of mitochondrial function and prevention of energy failure after I/R injury [107]. Here, AQP4 is linked to ischemic stroke.