Interestingly, F1-ATP synthase beta subunit is identified to serve as the receptor for the invertebrate prokineticin, astakine, and it is located on the plasma membrane of crayfish Hpt cells [26].It will be interesting to further investigate the precise role of F1-ATP synthase beta subunit binding to WSSV in the host infection process, and its related chain reactions. Here, MRS2 is linked to infection.