JAK1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Couto et al[11] have recognized Janus kinase1-Signal transducer and activator of transcription1 (JAK1-STAT1) pathway as novel target of EX-4, where the drug produces downregulation of JAK1-STAT1 transduction mechanism which is an important signaling route mediating the interferon-gamma effects on beta-cell apoptosis in T1DM.