Six candidate phosphoproteins (p-ERK1/2: P<0.00001, p-MEK1: P<0.0005, phospho-p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p-p90RSK): P<0.0001, phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB): P<0.00001, p-Akt: P<0.00005 and p-IκB-α: P<0.0001; Mann–Whitney U-test) were significantly increased in sera from patients with PaCa compared with the HVs. Here, RPS6KA1 is linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus-pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis syndrome.