Moreover, the serum concentrations of the CCR1/CCR5 ligands MIP1α (CCL3) and MIP1β (CCL4), but not of the CCR2 ligand MCP-1 (CCL2), were significantly increased in CLD patients (Fig. 5D), suggesting additional systemic actions of these chemokines. Here, CCR2 is linked to congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.