TNF and tuberculosis: Thus, in mycobacterial antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, 4-1BB treatment reduced the release of excessive and dangerous IFN-γ, inhibited secretion of IL-10 and MIP-1β, which are often associated with TB susceptibility [19], [59] while preserved the low production of IL-2 and TNF-α, two cytokines which are essential for granuloma maintenance [60], [61] and are expressed, together with IFN-γ, in polyfunctional T cells associated with protection from MTB infection [62].