AFP and seminoma: Although AFP, HCG and LDH are the most commonly used serum markers for management of testicular germ cell cancer, these markers are not very specific and they are only detected in approximately 60% of men with testicular cancer.[13] In addition, the sensitivity of these markers is limited, and the levels of these markers are usually “normal” in about 40% of men with disease recurrence.[13] In recent years, newly discovered biomarkers have been reported to differentiate carcinoma in situ, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumor.