LCAT and atherosclerosis: Only in the absence of both lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and apolipoprotein E (Apo E) PON1 is associated with non-HDL lipoproteins.[7] In these settings PON1 is found to be associated with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons.[11, 19] No PON1 is bound to LDL particles,[20] although PON1 is indirectly involved in protection of LDL from oxidation and hence in the prevention of atherosclerosis.[21]