ACE and Nephropathy: Grzeszczak et al. from Poland and Schmidt et al. from Germany did not find any association between the ACE gene polymorphism and nephropathy in NIDDM.[3, 6] Yoshida et al. from Japan, Jeffers et al. from USA and Nikzamir et al. from Iran found a strong association betweezn ACE-DD genotype and/or D-allele and the risk for nephropathy in type II DM.[4, 5, 11, 12]