The discovery of a direct anti-microbial activity for Nod2 and Nod1 offers an explanation for the protection against bacterial infection conferred by expression of these proteins in cell lines and is consistent with the increased sensitivity of Nod2 knockout mice to Mycobacteria, Listeria and Salmonella infection [10]–[13], [20]. The gene discussed is NOD1; the disease is Salmonella Infections.