TNF and psoriasis: Most recently, apremilast has exhibited broad anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, through the inhibition of multiple mediators, including TNFα, interferon (IFN)γ, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, IL-12 and IL-23 in LPS-stimulated human monocytes, with similar effects on TNFα reported in human NK cells and keratinocytes, two cell types involved in psoriasis pathophysiology [18].