GJA5 and atrial fibrillation: Pirfenidone, an antifibrotic drug, significantly reduced arrhythmogenic atrial remodeling and AF vulnerability in a dog model of heart failure.[45] Ozaydin et al. demonstrated that N-acetycysteine treatment decreased incidence of postoperative AF in 115 patients that undervent coronary artery bypass or valve surgery.[8] Mutations in the connexin-40 protein have recently been identified in sporadic cases of human AF and gap junctions are an emerging target for AF.[46]