Higher levels of VEGF were found by immunohistochemistry and corroborated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in patients with refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) and RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T), compared to patients with refractory anemia (RA) and with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) or normal bone marrow controls [74]. Here, VEGFA is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia.