Intrinsically tolerogenic antigens (eg. CSP, TRAP), or those enriching skinstage and/or bloodstage-cognate Tregs (eg. TRAP, EXP-1), (or abundant bloodstream antigens, eg. AMA-1, MSP-1, which will almost inevitably induce homeostatic regulatory T cell activity), are counter-productive in pre-tolerized individuals, although initially effective in malaria-naïve individuals, such as neonates. This evidence concerns the gene XPO1 and malaria.