TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: After adjustment for gender, age, BMI and pack-years, COPD participants presented higher levels of log CRP (mean ± mean standard error) (0.477 ± 0.023 vs. 0.376 ± 0.041 log mg/L, p = 0.049), TNF-α(13.12 ± 0.59 vs. 10.47 ± 1.06 pg/mL, p = 0.033), IL-8 (7.56 ± 0.63 vs. 3.57 ± 1.13 pg/ml; p = 0.033) and nitrites/nitrates (1.42 ± 0.01 vs. 1.36 ± 0.02 log nmol/l; p = 0.048).