TP53 and cancer: It has been reported that ED induced apoptosis in several cancer cells [11,18], and it also has been reported that ED induced apoptosis in endothelial cells in a caspase-dependent manner, and ED-mediated apoptosis is associated with several apoptotic signaling pathways including overloading of intracellular magnesium and calcium, as well as regulation of p53 and Bcl-2 expression [10,42,43].