PPARA and fatty liver disease: Interestingly, hepatocellular carcinoma developed in approximately 35% of 24-month-old Ppara+/+:HCVcpTg mice, while tumors were not observed in Ppara+/-:HCVcpTg, and Ppara-/-:HCVcpTg mice, suggesting that persistent activation of PPARα is essential for the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and HCC induced by HCV infections [21].