TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In Zucker Fa/fa rats taking an hyperlipidemic diet, and presenting a slight inflammatory response, it was observed that consumption of grape seed proanthocyanidins (345 mg/kg feed) produced a decrease in the levels of proinflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and an increase in the production of antiinflammatory cytokines like adiponectin [117], supporting the effects of dietary procyanidins in reducing obesity-related adipokine dysregulation to manage cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.