An interesting combination that should be considered is combined exercise, CR, and nutrition, which would likely improve the structure and function of muscle through multipli mechanisms induced by activation of IGF-1/Akt/mTOR, PGC-1α, and/or other pathways unidentified for combating age-related sarcopenia, including increased protein metabolism, redox balance, mitochondrial biogenesis, and anti-inflammatory ability. Here, IGF1 is linked to sarcopenia.