Epithelial NF-κB activation results from the rich abundance of IL1β, TNFα and TLR-agonists in the tumour microenvironment, and IL1β, TNFα and many other cytokines and chemokines (i.e. IL6, CXCL2, CCL2 and CCL20) are transcriptional targets for NF-κB [119,143]. Here, IL1B is linked to neoplasm.