NPPB and metabolic syndrome: In addition to insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, investigators have found several biomarkers to be associated with MetS including leptin [4], catecholamine [6], brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) [7], oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)[8], uric acid [9], C-reactive protein (CRP) [4], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [4], aldosterone [4], cyctatin C [10], and carboxy-terminal prevasopress in (copeptin)[11], highlighting diverse pathophysiological perturbations in MetS [11].