In patients undergoing ventricular remodeling secondary to ischemic cardiac disease, Otero et al. could not find increased serum levels of TNFα in comparison with those affected by dilated cardiomyopathy, whereas they found increased levels of sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII [21]; the different results obtained in this study in comparison with ours could be due to the fact that we evaluated TNFα in vitro production which does not necessary correspond to increased serum levels of this cytokine. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is dilated cardiomyopathy.