Although some studies showed increased PDEF mRNA (Turcotte et al, 2007) or protein expression in invasive ductal carcinoma (Sood et al, 2007) others observed reduced protein expression in breast cancer cells (Feldman et al, 2003; Doane et al, 2006; Ghadersohi et al, 2007; Turner et al, 2008). Here, SPDEF is linked to invasive ductal breast carcinoma.