Real-time PCR analysis confirmed upregulation of LASP1 mRNA in PDEF-deficient invasive and highly metastatic breast cancer cells (MBA-MB-231, BT-549), while in the non-invasive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, endogenously expressing PDEF, a reduced LASP-1 protein level was detected (Turner et al, 2008). Here, SPDEF is linked to breast carcinoma.