S100A4 and neoplasm: As an extracellularly active protein, S100A4 stimulates angiogenesis [16], upregulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), downregulates tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in endothelial and tumor cells [6], [7], [17], [18], promotes neurite outgrowth and survival of primary hippocampal cells [15], [19], and promotes migration of astrocytic tumor cells [20].