We may predict an essential role for the RANTES/S100A4 pathway in this process, in which RANTES, in cooperation with other factors (e.g. cytokines) stimulates S100A4 release resulting in attraction and activation of fibroblasts and immune cells such as T-cells [47], whose activity in tumors and at sites of “pre-metastatic” niches could facilitate tumor cell homing and proliferation in distal organs (e.g. lungs). Here, CCL5 is linked to neoplasm.