INS and diabetes mellitus: Numerous studies have demonstrated a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and diabetes.[11, 12] Moderate consumption of alcohol is medically beneficial and socially acceptable,[13] as moderate alcohol consumption also beneficially affects insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.[14] However, excessive consumption of alcohol leads to complex health problems, because alcohol may alter glycemic regulation and potentially aggravate the cardiovascular, neurological, and immunosuppressive changes in patients with diabetes mellitus.