Upon infection of epithelial cells, the bacteria either directly induce protection of the mitochondria by secreting T3SS effector proteins or indirectly protect the mitochondria by upregulating several eukaryotic genes including JUN, NFKB2, and BCL2. This possibility is supported by the evidence that there is no cytochrome c release upon normal infection with Shigella [2]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB2 and infection.